Crystal structures of the human 4-1BB receptor bound to its ligand 4-1BBL reveal covalent receptor dimerization as a potential signaling amplifier

The TNF receptor-ligands 4-1BB-4-1BBL and GITR-GITRL in NK cell responses

Interactions between several tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-TNF receptor (TNFR) superfamily members that are expressed by T cells and natural killer (NK) cells and various other cell types modulate immune responses. This review summarizes the current understanding of how the TNF ligand-TNFR interactions 4-1BBL with 4-1BB, and GITRL with glucocorticoid-induced TNFR-related (GITR) regulate NK cell m...

CD28 Reveals a Role for 4-1BBL in Skin Mice and of Mice Lacking Both 4-1BBL and Analysis of 4-1BB Ligand (4-1BBL)-Deficient

Transmembrane Signaling across the Ligand-Gated FhuA Receptor Crystal Structures of Free and Ferrichrome-Bound States Reveal Allosteric Changes

FhuA protein facilitates ligand-gated transport of ferrichrome-bound iron across Escherichia coli outer membranes. X-ray analysis at 2.7 A resolution reveals two distinct conformations in the presence and absence of ferrichrome. The monomeric protein consists of a hollow, 22-stranded, antiparallel beta barrel (residues 160-714), which is obstructed by a plug (residues 19-159). The binding site ...

Multimeric forms of CD40 ligand (CD40L), 4-1BB ligand (4-1BBL), OX40 ligand (OX40L), CD27L/CD70, and other TNFSFs as tools for adoptive cell therapy

The TNF SuperFamily (TNFSF) of ligands include 19 molecules some of which play key roles in the immune system. All of these ligands are produced as trimeric Type II membrane molecules that can be released from the cell surface as single trimers. However, more than a decade of research has shown that the receptors for TNFSFs on responding cells require clustering in order to signal. Thus, single...

Cell Response to Influenza Virus Allograft Rejection and in the Cytotoxic T CD28 Reveals a Role for 4-1BBL in Skin Mice and of Mice Lacking Both 4-1BBL and Analysis of 4-1BB Ligand (4-1BBL)-Deficient